CP types

The CP is the higher layer of the clause, housing the IP and any material to the left of IP: complementizers/subordinating conjunctions in C, and wh-moved constituents in Spec-CP. CPs can be subordinate clauses of various types (adverbials, that-clauses, degree clauses, comparison clauses, and relative clauses) as well as questions and exclamations.

Recall:

-SPE: attached to all IPs and CPs that are part of direct speech.
Every CP must contain an IP-SUB and every IP-SUB must be housed in a CP.
All CPs contain a head C (overt or null) except: direct questions, V1 conditionals, and V2 concessives.
IPX: clause with elided material; see coordination.
Fronted subordinate clauses may be left-dislocated (e.g. CP-ADV-LFD), if followed by a resumptive element (so, dann).

CP-ADV

CP-ADV represents a variety of adverbial clauses. CP-ADV should be embedded in an IP (if a clause modifies a N, it's probably a CP-REL.)

Overt subordinators of CP-ADV are nearly always tagged as C, whether they are 'complementizers' (als, as, ehe, ob, so, wenn, (de)weil) or are etymological adverbs being used as subordinators (da/do, dann, wo, wann, wie, etc.). In this we depart from other Penn corpora, because of the great extent of homophony among these words in ENHG (e.g. da can be a temporal/local adverb/subordinator, the complementizer 'because', a relative particle, etc.; wie can be a temporal complementizer 'when', wh-adverb 'how', comparative 'as', etc.)

If the subordinator is a wh-word, treat the clause as an indirect question if possible. CP-ADV should only be introduced by a wh-moved-phrase if an analysis as C is not possible.

 ... (CP-ADV (C da)                 <- etymological adv as subordinator
             (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D der)
                             (N Keiser))
                     (VBDI^3^SG sahe)
                     (, /)
                     (CP-THT (C das)
                     …
  (ID 1533_Rodler_Fierrabras_Moselfrk.,81))

( (IP-MAT 
	  (ADVP (ADV Auch))
	  (CP-ADV (C wo)    <- interrog. adv as subordinator
		  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO er))
			  (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (ADJ^A^PL Frantzoesische) …
			  (VBDS^3^PL fuende)))
	  (, /)
	  (MDD^3^PL solten)
          …
  (ID 1557_Staden_Historia_Hesse.,111))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ vnd)
          (CP-ADV (WADVP-1 (WADV wie)   <- 'wie sehr' is wh-phrase ...
                           (ADV sehr))  <- because sehr cannot be a C
                  (C 0)
                  (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
                          (NP-SBJ (PRO^N^PL sie))
                          (ADVP (ADV auch))
                          (ADVP (ADV noch))
                          (NP-OB1 (D^A^SG das)
                                  (NPR Teutschland))
                          (VBPI^3^PL streben)))
          (, /)
          (META <,>)
          (RDPI^3^SG wirt)
          (NP-SBJ (PRO^N^SG es))
          (NP-OB2 (PRO^D^PL jhnen))
          (ADVP (ADV doch))
          (PP (P zu)
              (NP (PRO$^D^SG jhrem)
                  (N willen)))
          (ADVP (ADV nimmer))
          (VB glucken) 
         ...
  (ID 1609_TeutscherNation_Geography_Cologne.,258))

ENHG also has multi-word subordinators (many involving dass). In most cases (except in relative clauses and clauses introduced by da-compounds + dass), both subordinators are tagged as C. Adverbial clauses with mutliple subordinators, one of which is dass (ehe dass, bis dass, etc.), should be CP-THT, but those with subordinators other than dass (als ob, etc) are CP-ADV with two Cs:

  ... (CP-ADV-SPE (C als)  
                  (C seit)
		  (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO^N^SG du))
			      (ADVP (ADV doch))
			      (ADVP (ADV selbs))
			      (VBPI^2^SG sprichest)
			     ...
  (ID 1475_Fuetrer_BairischeChronik_Bavaria.,279))

Note that denn and wan(de) are considered C in CP-ADV when the following material is not V2; when V2, these are tagged CONJ in IP-MAT and IP-X, resp.

  …  (CP-ADV  (C want)                   <- subordinator
	      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (EX yd))
		      (NP-PRD (NP-POS (D der) (ADJ meyst) (N vrijheit))
				      (ONE eyne))
	              (BEPI^3^SG is) 
  (ID 1360_Hauwe_NeuesBuch_Cologne.,51))

Asyndetic CP-ADV

As in Helipad, V1 conditionals are CP-ADV with no C. We have chosen to annotate V2 concessives ('unless') in the same way:

  … (CP-ADV-SPE 		         <- empty CP layer
         (IP-SUB-SPE (HVPI^1^SG hab)	 <- V1 is 1st consituent of IP	
                     (NP-SBJ (PRO ich))
                     (ADVP (ADV je))
                     (NP-OB2 (INDPRO jemants))
                     (PP (P mit)
                         (NP (N worten)
                             (CONJ oder)
                             (N wercken)))
                     (NP-OB1 (N leyds))
                     (VBN gethan)))
                     …
  (ID 1533_Rodler_Fierrabras_Moselfrk.,94))

   … (CP-ADV 			        <- empty CP layer
           (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (EX es))	
                    (MDD^3^SG muost)    <- V2 is 2nd consituent of IP	
                    (NP-PRD (INDPRO eyner))
                    …
                    (PP (P mit)
			(NP (PRO^D^SG jm)))
	            (NP-OB1 (ONE^A^SG eyn) (N^A^SG treffens))
	            (VB thuon))))
                    …
  (ID 1533_Rodler_Fierrabras_Moselfrk.,21))
'...that he would not eat or drink, unless one of them would meet with him...'

CP-THT

CP-THT can represent various kinds of dass-clauses (but not degree clauses, see below). Most often these are complement clauses.

Purpose/result clauses should be extended with -PRP whether or not there is so before dass. Unlike other Penn corpora, we treat (al)so as part of the subordinate clause, as an ADV. On the other hand, combinations of a da-compound with dass are treated as a PP with a CP complment. Other combinations of dass with another subordinator (auf/um/bis dass) are treated as having two Cs.

  ... (CP-THT-PRP (ADV also)  <- simplex modifier of C, so not ADVP
                  (, /)
                  (C das)
                  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO^N^PL wir))
                          (ADVP (ADV alleyn))
                          (VBDI^1^PL siegelten)))
          (, /))
  (ID 1557_Staden_Historia_Hesse.,271))

  ...  (PP (ADV+P darumb)
           (CP-THT (C das)
	           (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO^N^SG er))
			   (VBPI^3^SG (BEPI^3^SG ist) 
                                      (CONJ vnd) 
                                      (RDPI^3^SG wyrt))
			   (VBN bewert)
	                   ...
  (ID 1522_Bachmann_Martinus_Saxony.,259))

   ... (CP-THT-PRP (C auff) 
                   (C das)
		   (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO es))
			   (NP-OB1 (D die) (ADJ wilden))
			   (VBDS^3^PL hoereten)
			   ...
  (ID 1557_Staden_Historia_Hesse.,875))

CP-THT is also used for indirect speech without dass when the clause is clearly subordinating (e.g. marked by subjunctive mood):

(IP-MAT
	(CONJ Ind)
	(NP-SBJ *con*)
	(VBDI^3^PL klaigden) 	<- verb of saying usually takes CP-THT	
	(NP-OB2 (PRO eme))
	(, /)
	(CP-THT (C 0) 		<- no 'dass', so assume null C	
		(IP-SUB
		       (NP-SBJ (D de) (N gemeynde))
		       (HVDS^3^SG hedde)
		       (NP-OB1 (D den) (N toll))
		       (PP (P mit) (NP (N gewalt)))
		       (RP af)
		       (VBN gedain..<)
          …
  (ID 1360_Hauwe_NeuesBuch_Cologne.,38))

If CP-THT is a complement clause (object of a transitive verb or predicate of a copula), no special marking is needed. But if it is a subject clause, it should be coindexed (-X) with an expletive subject, which can be overt (es) or null:

( (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-SBJ-X *exp*)           <- null exp. subj. coindexed ...
	      (NP-COM-1 (PRO^D^SG mir))
	      (BEDS^3^SG wer)
	      (ADJP-PRD (ADJ^N^SG lieber)
	                (NP-COM *ICH*-1))
	      (CP-THT-SPE-X (C das)       <- ... with subject clause
			    (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO^N^PL jr))
			                (NP-OB2 (Q aller) 
                                                (PRO$ ewer) 
                                                (N glieder))
				        (VBN beraubt)
				        (BEDS^2^PL werent)
                                        ...
  (ID 1533_Rodler_Fierrabras_Moselfrk.,31))

Dass does not project CP-THT: degree clauses (see below) and clauses that are obviously of another type, where dass is a kind of catch-all complementizer in a doubly-filled comp situation, e.g. relatives clauses (wem dass) or indirect questions:

... (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO Ich))
                (NP-OB2 (D^D^SG dem)
                        (N chunig))
                (VBPI^1^SG sag)
                (META ,)
                (CP-QUE-SUB-SPE (WADVP-2 (WADV wie))
                                (C das)
                                (IP-SUB-SPE (ADVP *T*-2)
                                            (NP-SBJ (NPR paris))
                                            (NP-PRD (PRO$ sein)
                                                    (N sun))
                                            (BEPI^3^SG ist))
                (META ?))))))
                ...
  (ID 1480_Troyana_Lit-prose_Austria.,348))

CP-DEG

These clauses modify adjectives and adverbs that are also modified by a degree word like (al)so (e.g. 'so long that ...'), or occasionally a N quantified by (al)so or solch. A CP-DEG (or its trace) must be sister to the ADJ, ADV, or N that it modifies:

(IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO^N^SG du))
	(HVPI^2^SG hast)
	(NP-OB1 (PRO^D^SG mir))
	(ADVP (ADV als)
	      (ADV lang)            
	      (CP-DEG *ICH*-1))   <- CP-DEG modifies 'also lang'
	(VBN gerufen)
	(, /)
	(CP-DEG-1 (C das)
                  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO^N^SG ich))
			  (ADVP (ADV alhier))
			  (PP (P zuo)
			      (NP (PRO^D^SG dir)))
			  (VBN komen)
			  (BEPI^1^SG bin))))
	  (, .)
  (ID 1533_Rodler_Fierrabras_Moselfrk.,100))

  ... (NP-PRD (Q^N^PL solche)
              (ADJ gehertzte)
              (N^N^PL menner)
	      (CP-DEG *ICH*-1))   <- CP-DEG modifies 'solche geherzte'
              ...
              (, /)
              (CP-DEG-1 (C das)
                        (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D^N^PL die)
                                        (N Roemer)
                                        ... 
                                (NP-OB1 (PRO^A^PL sie))
                                (ADVP (ADV niemals))
                                (PP (P zu)
                                    (NP (PRO$^D^SG jrem)
                                        (N willen)))
                                (PP (P in)
                                    (NP (N^A^SG gehorsam)))
                                (VB bringen)
                                (MDDI^3^PL kunten)))
       (. .))
  (ID 1609_TeutscherNation_Rel-treatise_Cologne.,92))

Relative Clauses

Most relative clauses have a wh-moved phrase (containing the relative pronoun, or wo if the antecedent is a place) in Spec-CP, null C, and a trace in IP-SUB.

Because main clauses may begin with a demonstrative like der (homophonous with relative der), clauses can be ambiguous between a main and a relative clause. We tag a clause beginning with der as relative, even if followed by V2, as long as its purpose seems to be to elaborate on an NP, rather than introducing a new proposition. This is to prevent potential V2 relative clauses from being overlooked in a query.

CP-REL is an attributive relative clause, and thus it (or its trace) should be sister of the N that it modifies:

( (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO jr))
              (MDP^2^PL moegent)
              (ADVP (ADV doch))
              (ADVP (ADV jetzunt))
              (ADVP (ADV wol))
              (NP-OB1 (ONE eynen)
                      (Q andern)             <- RC modifies this NP
                      (CP-REL *ICH*-1)) 	
              (VB finden)
              (, /)
              (META ,)
              (CP-REL-SPE-1              <- RC extraposed from its NP
                     (WNP-2 (D der)) 	              <- rel. pronoun 
                            (C 0)
                            (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ *T*-2)  <- trace of pron.
                                        (NP-OB1 (D diß))
                                        (VBPS^3^SG volbring)))
              (, /)
  (ID 1533_Rodler_Fierrabras_Moselfrk.,92))

Unlike in HeliPaD (but as in CHLG), relative clauses with wo/da that modify a place are always CP-REL:

  ... (NP (ONE^A^SG einen)
	  (N^A^SG kirchoff)
	  (CP-REL (WADVP-1 (ADV da))      <- locative adv. is wh-moved
		  (C 0)
		  (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
                          (NP-SBJ (Q^N^SG manig)
				  (ADJ^N^SG biederbe)
				  (N^N^SG Ritter)
				  (RRC (VBN begraben)))
			  (VBDI^3^SG lag)))))))
	  (, .))
  (ID 1430_NN_Karrenritter_SRhFrk.,463))

Prepositional adverbs can also introduce relative clauses (as a wh-moved WPP, if intact like darin/worin). For cases when the adverbial part of the da/wo-compound strands the prepositional part, we follow CHLG:

( (IP-MAT (PP (P VMb)
              (NP (D den)
                  (N Flecken)
                  (CP-REL *ICH*-1))
              (ADV her)
              (META ,)
              (CP-REL-1 (WADVP-2 (ADV da))    <- adv. part moved out of PP
                        (C 0)
                        (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO wir))
                                (PP (ADVP *T*-2)
                                    (P inne))        <- P-stranding
                                (VBN belegert)
                                (BEDI^1^PL waren))))
         ...
  (ID 1557_Staden_Historia_Hesse.,179))

ENHG additionally has relative clauses introduced by a complementizer/particle; this can be so, non-locative da or wo, or even dass. Here, so/da/wo/dass is in C and there is a null wh-operator, coindexed with the trace of the relativized argument:

(IP-MAT-SPE
     (NP-SBJ (NP-POS (D Des) (N Kueniges))
	     (N^PL Schiffe) 		    <- antecedent N
	     (CP-REL-SPE (WNP-SBJ-1 0) 	       <- null wh-operator
		         (C so) 		 <- relative particle
		         (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ *T*-1)   <- relativized arg.
				     (PP (P in)
			    		  (NP (NPR Jndiam)))
				     (VBDI^3^PL fueren))))
     (, /)
     (BEDS^3^PL weren)
     ...
  (ID 1557_Staden_Historia_Hesse.,106))

  ... (PP (P pys)
          (NP (D^D^SG der)
	      (N^D^SG zeit)
	      (CP-REL-SPE (WADVP-1 0)
                          (C das)
			  (IP-SUB-SPE (ADVP *T*-1)
                                      (NP-SBJ *pro*)
			              (ADVP (ADV warlich))
				      (BEPI^1^SG pin)
				      (VBN erinnert)
				      (NP-OB1 (PRO$^G^SG seiner) 
                                              (N^G^SG vntrew))))))
	      (META .))
  (ID 1475_Fuetrer_BairischeChronik_Bavaria.,536))

CP-FRL

CP-FRL is a free relative, functioning as an argument (NP) of the clause in which it is embedded. It should be extended with the grammatical function tag of the argument that it represents (the example below is additionally left-dislocated):

((IP-MAT (CONJ Ind)
	 (CP-FRL-OB2-LFD     <- free rel.; the left-disloc. IO of 'namen'
		(WPP-1 (P van) (WNP (WPRO weme)))  <- wh-word in moved PP
		(C 0)
		(IP-SUB (PP *T*-1)
	  		(NP-SBJ (PRO sij))
	  		(ADVP (ADV da))
	  		(NP-OB1 (N gericht))
	  		(HVDI^3^PL hadden)))
	(, /)
	(NP-OB2-RSP (D deme))   	<- resumptive pronoun
	(VBDI^3^PL namen)
	(NP-SBJ (PRO sij))
	(NP-OB1 (Q beyde)
		(PRO$ yren) 
                (N (N wijuen) (CONJ vnd) (N kyndern)))
                …
  (ID 1360_Hauwe_NeuesBuch_Cologne.,51))
‘They took both wives and children from those whom they had judgment over’

Note that clauses with wie 'however' can be free relatives with an adverbial function (akin to egal), thus CP-FRL-ADT:

( (IP-MAT (CP-FRL-ADT-LFD (ADJP-PRD-1 (ADV Wy)
                                      (ADJ (ADJ jung)
                                           (CONJ vnd) 
                                           (ADJ frolich)))
                          (C 0)
                          (IP-SUB (ADJP-PRD *ICH*-1)
                                  (NP-SBJ (PRO er))
                                  (BEDI^3^SG was)))
          (ADVP-RSP (ADV so))
          (RP uber)
          (VBDI^3^SG trat)
          (NP-SBJ (PRO her)) 
          …
  (ID 1499_ThurErfurt_Chronik_Thuringia.,384))

CP-CAR

CP-CAR (clause-adjoined relative) is a non-restrictive relative clause that modifies a proposition/clause rather than a nominal. It is thus a daughter of IP rather than NP. (In NHG these often begin with was. In MHG/ENHG these often start with des even when the trace is not a grammatical function associated with genitive. Clauses like Was X betrifft/angeht/anbelangt are also CP-CAR.)

… (CP-QUE-SUB (WADVP-1 (WADV Wie))
              (C 0)
              (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
                      (NP-SBJ (NPR Oliuier))
                      (NP-OB1 (NPR Fierrabras))
                      (PP (P zu)
                          (NP (N kampff)))
                      (VBDI^3^SG forderte)
                      (, /)
                      (CP-CAR (WNP-2 (D des))  <- in the IP that it modifies
                              (C 0)
                              (IP-SUB (NP-OB2 *T*-2)  <- 'widern' takes gen
                                      (NP-SBJ (PRO er))
                                      (NP-OB1-RFL (PRO^REFL sich))
                                      (ADVP (ADV lang))
                                      (VBDI^3^SG widerte)))))
          …
  (ID 1533_Johann_Fierrabras_Moselfrk.,97))
‘how Olivier challenged Fierrabras to battle, which he had long refused’

RRC

Reduced relative clause, usually equivalent to deleting which is. Only use for 2+ constituents that can't be represented as a finite clause or any other phrase. A RRC is usually object + participle. (In the following, the first description of the island is an RRC because it contains a participle, while the second one is treated as a parenthetical main clause because the verb is finite.) Like CP-REL, it should be sister of the modified N:

…
 (PP (P bei)
     (NP (ONE eyner)
         (N insel)                <- NP modified by two clauses
         (RRC (NP-SMC (NPR Eilga)  <- RRC = participle and its compl.  
                      (NPR de)   
                      (NPR Madera))
              (VBN genant))   
         (, /)
         (IP-MAT-PRN      <- parenthetical = finite V and its compl.
                     (NP-SBJ *pro*)
                     (VBPI^3^SG horeet)
                     (NP-OB1 (D dem)
                             (N kuenige)
                             (PP (P von)
                                 (NP (NPR Portugal)))))
          … 
  (ID 1557_Staden_Historia_Hesse.,118))

As in PPHCE, we treat a postposed participle as an RRC, because it is difficult to distinguish a reduced relative (with participle) from a postposted ADJP headed by a participle. However, a participle preceding a N is treated as any other adjective (with/without ADJP) (whereas a participial not adjacent to a N is annotated as PTP):

     ... (NP-OB1 (D den) 
                 (N Rait)
                 (RRC (PP (P z@) 
                           (NP (D @er) (N zijt))) 
                      (VBGI sitzende)))
     ...
  (ID 1360_Hauwe_NeuesBuch_Cologne.,36))

cf.
       (NP-OB1 (D den) 
               (ADJP (PP (P zu) 
                          (NP (D der) (N Zeit))) 
                     (VBGI sitzende)))
               (N Rat)
  (invented example))

Questions

CP-QUE-MAT

Direct questions are tagged CP-QUE-MAT and indirect/embedded questions CP-QUE-SUB (whereas in HeliPaD, these are only distinguished by the absence vs. presence of null C).

Yes/no question is simply CP-QUE-MAT, with no C position and no movement, while a wh-question is CP-QUE-MAT, with no C position and wh-movement into the CP layer:

  (CP-QUE-MAT-SPE	  <-  yes/no question; -SPE because direct speech
	(IP-SUB-SPE (BEPI^2^SG bist) 	<- V1 is 1st constituent of IP
                    (NP-SBJ (PRO u))
		    (NP-OB1 (PRO$ deiner) (N sin))
		    (VBN beraubt)))
	            (, /)
	            (META ?))
  (ID 1533_Rodler_Fierrabras_Moselfrk.,70))

  (CP-QUE-MAT-SPE	    <-  wh-question; also direct speech
        (NP-VOC (ADJ heylige)				 
		(N muotter)
		(NP-PRN (NPR Maria)))
        (, /)
        (WNP-1 (WPRO was)) 	     <- wh-word in Spec-CP …
        (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-OB1 *T*-1)   <- … with trace in 1st position of IP
                    (MDPI^3^SG wil)
	            (NP-SBJ (NPR Oliuier))
	            (VB streitten)
	...
	(META ?))
  (ID 1533_Rodler_Fierrabras_Moselfrk.,69))

CP-QUE-SUB

Indirect questions can be distinguished from other CPs with a wh-word in that they involve a speech act and can be rephrased as a direct question. They contain either a complementizer like ob in C, or more frequently a wh-word moved to Spec-CP and null C:

  ...     (NP-SBJ-X *exp*)     <-indirect Q is the subject, so coindexed
          (BEDS^3^SG wer)
          (NEG nit)
          (TO zu)
          (VB uerwundern)
          (, /)
          (CP-QUE-SUB-X (C ob)     
                        (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO er))
                                (NP-OB1-RFL (PRO^REFL sich))
                                (VBN geforcht)))
          (, /)
          ...
  (ID 1533_Rodler_Fierrabras_Rhine.,359))

(IP-MAT (CONJ Ind)
	(NP-SBJ *con*)
        (VBDI^3^PL spraichen)
	…
	(CP-QUE-SUB                      <- indirect/embedded question 
	        (WADVP-1 (WADV warvmb))	 <- wh-word moved from IP-SUB
		(C 0) 		       <- indirect questions must have C
		(IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
			(NP-SBJ (PRO sij))
			(NP-OB1 (D dat) (N hoegerichte))
			(ADVP (ADV also))
			(RP neder)
			(VBN gelacht)
			(HVDS^3^PL hedden))))
	(, .)
  (ID 1360_Hauwe_NeuesBuch_Cologne.,66))

Exclamations

Exclamations with wh-movement or a complementizer are CP-EXL. If there is wh-movement, there is no C position (structurally like a direct question):

    ...   (CP-EXL-SPE (PUNCQL <">)
                      (INTJ o)
                      (NP-VOC (N herr)
                              (NP-PRN (NPR jesus)))
                      (CODE <,>)
                      (WNP-PRD-1 (WADV wye)
                                 (ONE ein)
                                 (ADJ wunderlycher)
                                 (N trincker))
                      (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-PRD *T*-1)
                                  (BEPI^2^SG pist)
                                  (NP-SBJ (PRO u))))
     (CODE <.>))
  (ID 1529_Fridolin_GeistlicheMai_Bavaria.,170))