ADJP is only used if for attributive adjectives within the NP if the adjective is complex, i.e. coordinated:
(NP-SBJ (ADJP (ADJ^N^PL Valentianische) (CONJ vnd)(ADJ^N^PL Castilianische)) (N^N^PL Kauffleut))

... or modified:
NP-VOC (ADJP (ADV Vil) (ADJ^N^SG liebes)) (N^N^SG kint))

• ADVP is projected only by a sentential adverb (daughter of IP) or a complex adverb, e.g. one that is itself modified by a degree adverb. In this example, the ADVP is projected by nahe because it is modified, while the simple modifier sehr does not project a phrase:
  (ADVP (ADV sehr) (ADV nahe))
  
• Simple adverbial modifiers of NP (den Tag heute) or PP (mich selber or von X her) do not project a phrase:
  (NP-TMP (D^A^SG den) (N^A^SG tag) (ADV hute))

• Focus particles (nur, allein, auch) are tagged as adverbs; because these are very often ambiguous between modifying N, V, or the clause, we attach these to the clause by default:
  (NP-SBJ (PRO er)) (VBDI trueg)) ... (ADVP (ADV nur)) (NP-OB1 (D ainen) (ADJ swären) (N stecken))
  However, in some cases it is clear that the particle is in a specific phrase:
  (PP (P mit) (NP (ADV noch) (ONE eynem) (N schifflin)))
• Note that we currently do not use the extended labels -LOC, -DIR, or -TMP for adverbs.

QP and NumP

QP and NUMP are only projected when Q/NUM is modified:
(NP-PRD (NUMP (ADV beinohe) (NUM^N^PL hundert)) (N^N^PL schiffe))
(NP-SBJ (QP (ADV gar) (Q^N^SG keyn)) (N^N^SG windt)),
or multi-word:
(NP-TMP (NUMP (NUM^A^PL zwey) (CONJ un) (NUM^A^PL dreissig)) (N^A^PL jare)),  
or moved out of the NP:

• Following CHLG, we treat prepositional adverbs that contain a preposition and pronominal da/wo as PP:
  (PP (P+ADV darynne)) when orthographically joined or
  (PP (ADVP (ADV dar)) (P ynne)) when separate.
• Other compound adverbs (usually with hin- and her-) are placed in ADVP, as the hin or her element is directional rather than referential: (ADVP (ADV+ADV herein)). (See treatment of individual words.)
• A postposition simply follows its object:
  (PP (NP (D^A^SG den) (N^A^SG Fluss)) (P entlang))
• Double prepositions (bisauf) are treated as a single PP with two P heads. Supposed circumpositions are treated variously, see treatment of certain phrases.
  

Most of the traditional 'verb phrase' is subsumed under IP in the Penn system. The label VP is used only in rare instances when the boundary of the VP is clear:

• Topicalized VP: (IP-MAT (VP-1 (NP-OB1 das Buch) (VBN gelesen)) (HVPI habe) (NP-SBJ ich) (VP *ICH*-1))
• Extracted VP: TO DO provide example, if there are any

• Wh-moved phrases are prefixed with a W: WNP, WPP, WADVP, etc.
• W*P (e.g. WNP) is always wh-moved to Spec-CP (in wh-questions or relative clauses), coindexed with its non-wh-equivalent (e.g. NP) in the IP-SUB.
• W*P need not have a W* head; for example, relative welcher is (WNP (WD^N^SG welcher)) , but relative der is  (WNP (D^N^SG der)).
• W* head may rarely be in a non-wh-moved phrase, e.g. when used as an indefinite pronoun: Ich habe wen gesehen.