See the guide to the treatment of particular words. Unless otherwise noted, we have largely followed the guidance of CHLG or HeliPaD, when available.

Distinguishing pre-verbal adverbs (or other parts of speech) from separable prefixes/particles can be tricky. Our rule of thumb is to see if the historical dictionaries treat a collocation as a prefix. On this criterion, einsteigen is a verb (RP+VB einsteigen) while hinein steigen is not: (ADVP (ADV hinein)) (VB steigen).

• Foreign words are tagged FW, with no morphological sub-tagging.
• A single foreign word does not get a FOREIGN phrase but is simply housed in the phrase representing its function in the clause. A group of foreign words, unless a date, is dominated by FOREIGN (with no internal parsing), which is dominated by the phrase representing its function:
  (NP (NUM^D^PL tzelff) (N^D^PL Epte)
     (NP-POS (FOREIGN (FW priores) (FW Conuentales)))
  
• If an entire sentence token is foreign language, the root node is FOREIGN (not FRAG or IP-MAT, etc.) unless direct speech.
  
• Direct speech in a foreign language is wrapped in QTP whether one word: (QTP (FW Accipite)) or multiword: (QTP (FOREIGN (FW Noli) (FW timer))). If the entire sentence token is direct speech in foreign language, QTP is the root node.
  
• Foreign names, incl. place names, are not FW but NPR; even closed class items such as prepositions are NPR if not German:
  ... (NP-SMC (NPR^A^SG Eilga) (NPR^A^SG de) (NPR^A^SG Madera))    'Ilha de Madeira'
  
• Similarly, book titles are treated as NPR if in another language: (NP-SBJ(NPR^N^SG de)(NPR^N^SG recta)(NPR^N^SG in)(NPR^N^SG Deum)(NPR^N^SG fide))

• We follow Penn in tagging the following as NPR: personal names, place names, days of the week, months of the year, holidays, groups of people (nationalities, ethnicities, and adherents of a religion), and (if used as N rather than attributively) languages.
• Nouns or other words that are a person's title are treated as part of the name:
  (NP-SBJ (NPR^N^SG Graf) (NPR^N^SG Friedrich))
(NP-SBJ (NPR^N^SG Phillip) (NPR^N^SG K.))
(NP-SBJ (NPR^N^SG Karl) (NPR^N^SG II.))
  unless there is a determiner or other function word, in which case treat as apposition or modifier:
  (NP-SBJ (D^N^SG der) (N^N^SG Graf) (NP-PRN (NPR^N^SG Fridrich))
(NP-SBJ (NPR^N^SG Phillip) (PP (P von) (NP (NPR^D^SG Kastilien))))
(NP-SBJ (NPR^N^SG Karl) (NP-PRN (D der) (NUM II.)))
  Note in the above that German close-class items that are part of a name get the relevant POS tag and appropriate syntactic structure, unlike foreign close-class items such as de.
• Offices/titles like König, Frau, Herr, etc. are common nouns when not a title (ein gewisser Herr), but proper nouns if used as a title / part of someone's name (Frau Schmidt, note also the variant tagging of Graf above).
• The titles Sankt and Heilig are ADJ: (NP-SBJ (ADJ^N^SG S.) (NPR^N^SG Elisabeth)).
• Uniquely referring Ns (Gott, der Teufel): tag as NPR if the God/Satan of a monotheistic religion, but as N if more than one god/devil is implied (polythestic religion, or with indefinite article, or in the plural). Tag Herr as NPR if it refers to 'the Lord' of a monotheistic religion but follow the rule for titles vs common nouns otherwise. (Unlike Penn, we always tag Vater as N.)
• German placenames with lexical nouns and/or closed-class items should maximize internal structure (unlike the flat structure for foreign placenames):
   (NP-SBJ (D^N^SG Die) (N^N^SG Insel) (NP-PRN (NPR^N^SG Sylt)))
(NP-SBJ (N^N^SG Rothenburg) (PP (P ob) (NP (D^D^SG der) (NPR^D^SG Tauber))))
• German book titles are not NPR, and should maximize internal structure: (NP-SBJ (D^N^PL Die) (N^N^PL Leiden) (NP-POS (D^G^SG des) (ADJ^G^SG jungen) (NPR^G^SG Werther)))