Coordination

Following most Penn corpora (but departing from HeliPaD), coordinated heads receive a simpler structure than coordinated phrases. After a general introduction, this page covers coordinated N/NP, Adj/AdjP, verbs, and clauses.

Use the coordinated heads structure if the heads share all complements/modifiers. The two heads and the conjunction are house in a 'wrapper,' which is the constituent representing the whole coordinated structure. The label of the wrapper is identical to that of the first conjunct (including all extensions):

(XP ...
    (X            <- the 'wrapper', identical to the first head
       (X ...)      <- first conjunct
       (CONJ und)   <- conjunction as a bare head
       (X ...)))    <- second conjunct

If any complements/modifiers are NOT shared by both heads, use coordinated phrases. The wrapper is identical to the first conjunct, including all extensions, and has as its daughters the first conjunct and any ConjPs. ConjP is used whether or not there is an overt conjunction:

(XP            <- the 'wrapper', identical to the first phrase
    (XP  ...)           <- first conjunct
    (CONJP              <- ConjP without a conjunction
          (XP ...))     <- second conjunct
    (CONJP (CONJ und)    <- ConjP with a conjunction
           (XP ...)) )   <- third conjunct

Coordinating N(P)s

If there is overt evidence for conjoined NPs (i.e. modifiers that are not shared by all constituents), the conjoined NPs are wrapped in an NP (with grammatical function tags both on the wrapper and on the conjoined constituents):

... (NP-PRN                    <- wrapper is identical to 1st conjunct
          (NP-PRN (D^A^SG den)  <- 1st conjunct is daughter of wrapper
                  (N^A^SG Vater)
          (, /)
          (CONJP (NP-PRN (D^A^SG den)    <- 2nd conjunct is in CONJP
                           (N^A^SG Son)
                           (CP-REL *ICH*-3)))
          (, /)
          (CONJP (CONJ und)              <- 3rd conjunct is in CONJP
                 (NP-PRN (D^A^SG den)
                         (ADJ^A^SG heyligen)
                         (N^A^SG Geyst))

If only heads are coordinated, and these coordinated heads share a modifier, wrap the coordinated heads in (N, including ^case^number. In this example, the article modifies the constituent that consists of both conjuncts:

... (PP (P zwischen)
        (NP (D^A^SG das)           <- obj. of P gets no gramm.funct. tag
            (N^A^SG (N^A^SG vfer)  <- wrapper is identical to 1st conjunct
                    (CONJ vnd)
                    (N^A^SG schiff))))

Very rarely, phrases are coordinated but also share a modifier. While mainstream generative grammar would call for N', we use NP and make the modifier sister of the coordinated phrases:

... (PP (P in)
	(NP                              <- the wrapper
            (D^D^PL den)                 <- a shared modifier
	    (NP (N^D^PL elenbogen))      <- all conjuncts are phrases ...
	    (CONJP (NP (N^D^PL achselenn)))
	    (CONJP (NP (N^D^SG hüfft)))
	    (CONJP (CONJ vnd)
		    (NP (N^D^PL enckel)   <- ... because this is complex
			(NP-POS (D^G^SG des) (N^G^SG fuoß))))))

For simplicity, if the phrase contains only the conjoined heads (and a conjunction), the (N wrapper around the heads is omitted, because the phrase label suffices to show that the coordinated heads form a constituent:

... (PP (P von)
        (NP            <- NP suffices as a wrapper; it contains
           (N^D^SG wein)    <- only the coordinated heads
           (CONJ vnnd)
           (N^D^SG zucker)))

Correlative conjunctions

With coorrelative conjunctions, the first conjunction is a always simple CONJ (not CONJP), and whenever possible is sister of the first conjunct. The head/phrase status of the second conjunction will depend on whether heads or phrases are being coordinated. The following examples illustrate head coordination; one straightforward case and the second with the correlative moved out of NP:

... (NP-OB1 (CONJ weder)      <- corr. conj. in NP
            (N^A^SG Kuenig)
	    (, /)
	    (N^A^SG Fuersten)
	    (CONJ oder)
	    (N^A^SG Grauen) ... )

(IP-MAT-SPE ...
            (ADVP (ADV+P daruon))
            (MDPI^3^SG mag)
            (NP-SBJ (N mann))
            (NP-OB1 (PRO dich))
            (CONJ-1 weder)  <- corr. conj. has moved out of NP
            (PP (P mitt)
                (NP (CONJ *ICH*-1)
		    (N peinen)
                    (CONJ noch)
                    (N leiden)))
            (VB dringen))
            (, /)
  (ID 1533_Rodler_Fierrabras_Rhine.,346))

In phrasal conjunction, if the first conjunction precedes the first conjunct, it is sister to the first conjunct. But if the conjunction is linearly inside the first conjuct, it is daughter of the phrase (as in the sentence "Vort sagen wir dat..." under clauses):

(NP-SBJ (CONJ weder)
	(NP-SBJ (NPR^N^SG Karle))
	(CONJP (CONJ noch)
	       (NP-SBJ (PRO$^N^SG dein) (N^N^SG Got))))

Coordinating Adj(P)s

For attributive adjectives, do not use a coordination structure if there is no conjunction between adjectives, as these adjectives do not form a constituent:
(NP-POS (ADJ guotes) (ADJ zuokünfftigen) (N wetters))

For genuinely coordinated adjectives, use the same principle as with NPs—choose between phrasal conjunction with (ADJP and head conjunction (with or without (ADJ ).

Coordinated ADJP receive a phrasal wrapper:

...(ADJP-PRD        <- different XPs coordinated; label matches 1st one
           (ADJP-PRD (ADJ^N^SG voller)   <- phrase because it has compl.
	             (NP-COM (N^G^SG zorns)))
	   (CONJP (CONJ vnd)
		  (PP (P mit)             <- 2nd conjunct also a phrase
		      (NP (VBNI^D^SG verblichnem) 
                          (N^D^SG antlitz))) ) )

Coordinated heads have (ADJ wrapper if there is a shared modifier or complement, but no (ADJ wrapper if the phrase contains only heads and conjunction:

( (IP-MAT (CONJ Ind)
	  (BEDI^3^PL wairen)
	  (NP-COM-1 (D^G^SG des))
	  (NP-SBJ (INDPRO^N^PL alle))
	  (ADJP-PRD (NP-COM *ICH*-1)
		    (ADJ^N^PL           <- ADJ wrapper because NP-COM ...
                            (ADJ^N^PL geuolgich)  <- ... belongs to both
                            (CONJ vnd) 
                            (ADJ^N^PL gehorsam))) 
	  ...
  (ID 1360_Hauwe_NeuesBuch_Cologne.,55))

(NP-PRD 
       (ADJP                   <- attr.adj. needs ADJP only if complex
           (ADJ vberschwencklichen)   <- and here ADJP shows constituency
           (ADJ Adelichen) 
           (CONJ vnnd)
           (ADJ maennlichen))
       (N gemuetes)))

... (NP-OB1 (Q^A^PL alle)
            ...
	    (N^A^PL burgre)
 	    (ADJP              <- ADJP suffices to show constituency
                 (CONJ beyde)  <- 1st correl.conj. is sister of heads
                 (ADJ^A^PL heymsschen) 
                 (CONJ vnd) 
                 (ADJ^A^PL vreymden)) )

Other pre-nominal modifiers

Other modifiers of N (Q, NUM, etc) can be coordinated too.

In the first example, we treat the pre-nominal modifiers as coordinated, but in the second, we are forced to assume coordinated NPs by the word order:

(NP (NUMP (ONE einen) (CONJ oder) (NUM zwei))
    (N Monate))

(NP (NP (ONE einen) (N Monat))
     (CONJP (CONJ oder)
     (NP (NUM zwei))))

Coordinating verbs

Verbs, particles, and other constituents that do not project a phrase can only coordinate as heads. Because there is no phrase to indicate constituency, these categories always coordinate with a head wrapper.

If only the verbs are coordinated, wrap them in a head label that matches the first conjunct. (If a verb and its argument/adjunct are coordinated, annotate this as coordination of clauses instead.)

... (CP-THT (C dat)
  	    (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO^N^PL sij))
		    (NP-OBJ-REFL (PRO^REFL sich))
		    (ADVP (ADV vndereynandren))
		    (VBDI^3^PL     <- wrapper matches features of 1st head
                             (VBDI^3^PL verbonden) 	
			     (CONJ vnd)
			     (VBDI^3^PL verloyfden)
	  ...
  (ID 1360_Hauwe_NeuesBuch_Cologne.,35))

Unlike some other Penn corpora, coordination of verb+particle combinations is kept simple. We assume that the end user can determine whether a given particle attaches to one or more verbs:

( (IP-MAT (ADVP (ADV Vort))
	  (ADVP (ADV so))
	  (NEG en)
	  (MDPI^3^SG mach)
	  (NP-SBJ (INDPRO^N^SG nyeman)
		  (PP *ICH*-1))
	  (NP-OB1 (N^A^PL Slosse))
	  (PP (P enbynnen)
	      (, .)
	      (NP (NPR^D^SG Coelne)))
	  (VB            <- wrapper for coordinated verb+particle
             (VB sliessen) 
             (CONJ noch) 
             (VB vntsliessen) 
             (CONJ of) 
             (RP vp)     <- obviously 'up brechen' is a constituent
             (VB brechen))
	  ...
  (ID 1360_Hauwe_NeuesBuch_Cologne.,91))

Coordination of clauses

IP-MAT and IPX-MAT

Coordinated main clauses are generally disallowed, as a second-conjunct main clause is normally a new sentence token (although temporarily, this is flagged as IP-MAT-CONJ).

However, if one of the coordinated clauses has elided material other than the subject or direct object (which could be tagged as *con* or *pro*) or a perfect or passive auxiliary (as ENHG frequently has auxiliary-drop; Breitbarth 2004), we tag the full clause as IP-MAT and the one with elided material as IPX-MAT, coindexed with -o and =o respectively. The two are wrapped in an IP-MAT wrapper:

( (IP-MAT           <- wrapper shows constituency of 2 conjuncts
         (IP-MAT-o                   <- 1st conjunct is complete
                 (PP (ADV+P daruon))     
                 (RDDI^3^SG wardt)
                 (NP-SBJ (NP-POS (D^G^SG des)
                                 (N Heyden))
                         (N gemuet))
                 (ADVP (ADV als) (ADV hart) (CP-DEG *ICH*-1))
                 (PP (P vber) (NP (NPR Oliuiern)))
                 (VBN erhitzet)
                 (, /))
         (CONJP (CONJ vnd)     <- 2nd conjunct housed in ConjP
                (IPX-MAT=o     <- missing verbs 'wardt erhiztet'
                          (NP-SBJ (PRO^N^SG er)) 
                          (ADVP (ADV hinwider))
                          (PP (P vber)
                              (NP (D^A^SG den)
                                  (N Heyden)))
          …
  (ID 1533_Rodler_Fierrabras_Rhine.,328))

The same structure is used when mainstream generative grammar would call for coordination of VPs (as VP is not a label in our system):

( (IP-MAT
	(IP-MAT-o
		(NP-SBJ (ONE Ayn) (N man))      <- shared subject
		(MDPI^3^SG mach)                <- shared modal
		(ADVP (ADV da))
		(VB kombren))
	(CONJP (CONJ vnd)           <- 2nd conjunct
		(IPX-MAT=o           <- IP missing subject & modal
			(NEG nyet)
			(ADVP (ADV vorder) (PP *ICH*-1))
			(VB richten)
	…
(ID 1360_Hauwe_NeuesBuch_Cologne.,85))

The exception is if the complete conjunct is split up by the conjunct with elision. In such cases, rather than treating the the two conjuncts as coordinated, the incomplete conjunct is treated as a parenthetical (with -PRN and =o) inside the complete conjunct (with -o and no wrapper):

(IP-MAT-SPE-o                          <- the 1st conjunct contains ...
              (NP-SBJ-LFD (D^N^SG der) 
			  (FW neruus) …
	      (NP-SBJ-RSP (D^N^SG der))
	      (HVPI^3^SG hat)
	      (IPX-MAT-PRN-SPE=o (CONJ vnd)    <- ... the 2nd conjunct
                                 (MDPI^3^SG muoß) 
                                 (HV haben))
	      (NP-OB1 (D^A^SG den)                
                      (ADJS^A^SG sterckesten) 
                      (N^A^SG schmertzenn))
	     (, /)))
  (ID 1497_Cirurgia_Medicine_Alsace.,240))

Subordinate clauses

Coordinated subordinate clauses are IPs if the subordinator is shared, but CPs if there are separate subordinators. Missing subject or object is marked with *con* (subject identical to the first conjunct or its trace) or *pro* (non-identical subject, or other argument). Use IPX only if more than a subject, object, trace (in relatives), or auxiliary is missing.

… (CP-THT (ADVP (ADV Also))
          (C dat) 		<- comp is shared by both IPs
	  (IP-SUB 		<- wrapper for conjoined IPs
              (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (ONE eyn) (N bysitzer))
		      (PP (P zo)
			  (NP (D dem) (INDPRO andren)))
	              (VBDI^3^SG sprach))
	      (CONJP (CONJ vnd)    <- 2nd conjunct is in ConjP
		     (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *con*)  <- subject elided
			     (VBDI^3^SG warnde)
     … 
 (ID 1360_Hauwe_NeuesBuch_Cologne.,29))

… (CP-THT 		<- wrapper for conjoined CP’s
         (CP-THT (C 0) 	<- 1st CP has null C (indirect speech)
		 (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D de) (N gemeynde))
		         (MDDS^3^SG weulde)
			 (NP-OB1 (D den) (N toll))
			 (RP af)
			 (VB hauen)
		        (, /)))
	 (CONJP (CONJ ind)
		(CP-THT (C dat)      <- 2nd CP has overt comp
			(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO sij))
				(NP-OB1 (D den))
				(RP neder)
				(VBDI^3^PL leichten)
	 …
  (ID 1360_Hauwe_NeuesBuch_Cologne.,11))

… ( (CP-REL (WNP-SBJ-1 (D^N^PL die)) <- rel. pron. shared by two conjuncts
	  (C 0)
	  (IP-SUB (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)   <-1st clause has the trace
			  (ADVP (ADV do))
			  (NP-OB1 (NP-POS (D^G^SG des) (N^G^SG kuniges))
				  (N^A^SG spise))
			  (VBDI^3^PL ossent))
		  (CONJP (CONJ vnd)
			 (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *con*)   <- 2nd clause has null arg
				 (NP-OB1 (D^G^SG des) (ADJ^G^SG starken) (N^G^SG wines))
				 (VBDI^3^PL trunkent)))))
  (ID 1450_Nabuchodonosor_Rel-sermon_Alsace.,15))

The following example illustrates the use of IPX in a subordinate clause; note that it is IPX because the modal verb is elided (but the elided subject is not marked by *con*, as that would be superfluous in an IPX). The example also contains the correlative weder ... noch; note that the first correlative is a head is within the 1st conjunct, while the 2nd correlative is a phrase containing the 2nd conjunct:

( (IP-MAT
       (ADVP (ADV Vort))
       (VBPI^1^PL sagen)
       (NP-SBJ (PRO wir))
       (CP-THT (C dat)
               (IP-SUB                  <- wrapper for coordinated IPs
                      (IP-SUB-o         <- 1st clause is complete
                             (NP-SBJ (D der) 
                                     (N Rait)
                                     (PP (P van) (NP (NPR Coelne)))) ...
                             (, .)
                             (CONJ weder)      <- 1st part of corr.conj.
                             (NP-OB1 (N scheffenvrdell))
                             (NEG nyet)
                             (VB doin)
                             (NEG en)
                             (MDPI^3^SG sall))
                      (CONJP (CONJ noch)     <- 2nd conjunction
                             (IPX-SUB=o      <- 2nd clause lacks modal
                                    (NP-OB1 (D dat) (N gerichte) ...)
                                    (PP (P in)
                                           (NP (Q eyngen) (N sachen)))
                                    (, /)
                                    (VB hinderen)))))
       (, /)
  (ID 1360_Hauwe_NeuesBuch_Cologne.,94))

Sometimes, one should annotate as if the first conjunct has elision and the second is complete:

... (CP-THT-PRP (C vp)
		(C dat)
		(IP-SUB (IPX-SUB=o         <- 1st conjunct missing verbs
                                  (NP-SBJ (D die) (N wassere))
			          (PP (P mit)
				      (NP (N vische))))
			(CONJP (CONJ ind)
			       (IP-SUB-o        <- 2nd conj is complete
                                        (NP-SBJ (D die) (N lucht))
					        (PP (P mit)
			                            (NP (N voegelen)))
					(VBN geziert)
					(RDDI^3^SG wurde)))))
	  (, .=_))
  (ID 1556_Koelhoff_Chronicle_Cologne.,125))

At other times, it would the subordinator is in the first conjunct and the verb is at the end of the 2nd conjunct. In such cases one should annotated this not as coordinated IPs but as a parenthetical incomplete IP embedded inside a complete one:

... (CP-REL (WNP-OB1-5 (WD welchen))
	    (C 0)
	    (IP-SUB-o (NP-OB1 *T*-5)   <- complete clause with trace & verb
		      (NP-SBJ (D die) (N Portugaleser))
		      (NP-SMC (NPR Don) (NPR Ferdinando))
		      (, /)
		      (IPX-SUB-PRN=o     <-  embedded clause with elision
                                   (NP-SBJ (D die) (N Eynwohner))
				   (ADVP (ADV aber))
				   (NP-SMC (FW Mann-Songen)))
		      (VBN genent)
		      (HVPI^3^PL haben)))))))
    ...
  (ID 1624_Schiffarten_Travel_Switzerland.,228))