The tables on this page list the phrase- and clause-level labels used by the IPCHG and their meanings. Our labels are based on the Penn family of parsed historical corpora and are most similar to those in HeliPaD and CHLG. The tables below list the PPCHE and HeliPaD equivalents of our labels, when these differ from ours. (A blank cell indicates that the corpora use the same tags; n/a means that the corpus does not have a tag for this category. In addition, there are a small number of tags used by other corpora that we do not use: [TO DO give some examples here], etc.)
Phrasal tags
| IPCHG | use | PPCHE | HeliPaD |
|---|---|---|---|
| ADJP | adjective phrase | ADJP, ADJP-LOC | |
| ADJP-PRD | predicative AdjP (with sein, werden, bleiben, etc) | ||
| ADJP-SMC | sec. pred.; complement in a small clause | ADJP-SPR | (uses IP-SMC) |
| ADVP | adverb phrase | ||
| CONJP | conjunction phrase | ||
| CP-ADV | adverbial and other types of subordinate clauses | ||
| CP-CAR | clause-adjoined (non restrictive) relative | n/a | |
| CP-CMP | comparative clause | ||
| CP-DEG | degree complement | ||
| CP-EXL | exclamative clause (syntactically similar to a question) | n/a | |
| CP-FRL | free relative clause | ||
| CP-QUE-MAT, -SUB | question (direct, indirect) | CP-QUE | CP-QUE |
| CP-REL | relative clause | ||
| CP-THT | dass clause | ||
| CPX-CMP | vague comparison or comparison to a clause | n/a | |
| FOREIGN | (if it has a function in the clause, the phrase node dominates FOREIGN) | ||
| FRAG | sentence fragment or other non-clausal root | ||
| INTJP | interjection phrase | ||
| IP-INF | infinitival complement | ||
| IP-MAT | matrix clause | ||
| IP-SUB | lower layer of subordinate clause or question | ||
| IP-X | V2 clause introduced by wan(de) | n/a | CP-ADV |
| IPX-MAT, IPX-SUB | incomplete clause, usually in coordination or comparison | n/a | |
| LS | list marker, e.g. (LS (NUM 1)) | ||
| NP | noun phrase, object of preposition, or NP with no GF | ||
| NP-ADT | adjunct NP (usually genitive, adverbial/prepositional function) | ||
| NP-COM | NP complement of Adj | ||
| NP-POS | possessive or partitive NP (usually genitive; could be poss.dat. if -OB2 unavailable) | ||
| NP-LOC/NP-DIR | NPs of location or direction (wir segelten Südwest) that can't be -OB1 or -OB2 | ||
| NP-MSR | measure NP | ||
| NP-OB1 | first or sole object, regardless of case (e.g. dative object of helfen); also used for various datives | ||
| NP-OB2 | second object of ditransitive V; also used for various datives if NP-OB1 is present | ||
| NP-SBJ | subject NP | ||
| NP-PRD | predicative NP (after sein, werden, heissen, bleiben, etc) | ||
| NP-SMC | secondary predicate | NP-SPR | (uses IP-SMC) |
| NP-TMP | temporal NP (jeden Tag, eines Tages, etc) | ||
| NP-VOC | vocative NP | ||
| NUMP | number phrase (headed by NUM or ONE) | ||
| PP | prepositional phrase, including "prepositional adverbs" | ||
| PTP | participial phrase | IP-PPL | |
| QP | quantifier phrase | ||
| QTP | quotation phrase (non-sentential quotation) | ||
| REF | reference (e.g. sermon gives reference for biblical quote) | n/a | |
| REP | repeated word/phrase (either for discourse or textual problem) | ||
| RRC | reduced relative clause | (PTP) | |
| VP | Not used currently; may be needed rare cases such as VP topicalization or extraction (see examples on https://www.ling.upenn.edu/hist-corpora/annotation/) | n/a | |
| WADJP, -PRD, -SMC | wh-moved adjective phrase | ||
| WADVP | wh-moved adverb phrase | ||
| WNP, -SBJ, -OB1, etc | wh-moved noun phrase (with gramm. function tag unless in WPP) | ||
| WPP | wh-moved prepositional phrase | ||
| WQP | wh-moved quantifier phrase | ||
| XX | likely manuscript error or group of unknown words | n/a | X |
| IPCHG/PPCHE/HeliPaD | use |
|---|---|
| -LFD | left-dislocated constituent (e.g. ADVP-LFD); use only if resumed by -RSP |
| -PRN | parenthetical or appositive (e.g. NP-SBJ-PRN: parenthetical or appositive to a subject) |
| -PRP | purpose clause (IP-INF-PRP and CP-THT-PRP) |
| -RSP | resumptive constituent (e.g. NP-SBJ-RSP: resumptive subject, or ADVP-RSP: resumptive dann or so); almost always preceded by -LFD, but can be used with other resumptives e.g. in relative clauses with der ich/du ... |
| -SPE | direct speech (only on CPs and IPs) (e.g. CP-REL-SPE: relative clause, direct speech) |
| -RFL | reflexive NP (e.g. NP-OB1-RFL) |
| -1, -2, etc | indices of movement (e.g. WNP-SBJ-1) |
| -o, -oo, -ooo, etc | phrase containing antecedents of ellipsis (e.g. IP-SUB-o) |
| =o, =oo, =ooo, etc. | phrase with ellipsis (e.g. IPX-SUB=o) |
| -X | dummy subject coindexed with actual subject (NP-X or CP-THT-X) |
Order of extended tags when they co-occur: clausal (except -SPE), nominal (except -RFL), -RFL, -PRN/-LFD/-RSP, -SPE, coindexation, -CONJ. For example, a left-dislocated indirect question, which is in direct speech, and should begin a new sentence token would be CP-QUE-SUB-SPE-CONJ.
A free relative with that functions as a subject, in direct speech, and coindexed would be CP-FRL-SBJ-SPE-1.
-SPE should only be used for direct speech by a character within a narrative:
- A whole sermon or otherwise oral text is not -SPE, even if the audience is addressed directly by the text.
- A quote from a writer/text is not -SPE (even if the text states e.g. "Wie Lukas sagt: ...").
- But a quote from a character in the Bible (including Jesus or God) is -SPE.